Poetry Paper Essay Example For Students

Verse Paper Essay Verse, dessert or the frightful veggies on your plate? As I opened up Billy Collins Sailing Alone Around the Room, I moaned out loud when I understood that it was an assortment of his verse. Verse is a point you either love or loathe. By and by, I detest verse, however I rather delighted in perusing this assortment. With points, for example, a cigarettes, books, and nightlife, there is a sonnet everybody can identify with on an individual level. Verse as a rule is not entirely clear; Billy Collins explicitly has a present for identifying with every Individual In his crowd. He could contact me through sonnet about espresso and another person with one about a dim club. In Billy Collins Sailing Alone Around the Room he takes each article and makes them essential, or in his own words peruser amicable, accommodating, friendly, inviting (Welch, standard. 28). While his principle point is to guarantee the peruser happiness in the event that they need it, more profound issues anticipate them in the middle of the lines. One of the sonnets that sticks out in my brain is Collins Introduction to Poetry. This sonnet Is a simple perused that carries a grin to the perusers face. While it is engaging, If one burrows further there is a greater Issue holding on to be revealed. We will compose a custom exposition on Poetry Paper explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The outside of the sonnet is truly basic. It enlivens a sonnet and what it should do versus what the peruser will in general do with it. The announcement behind this sonnet is that a few works are simply intended to be taken with no guarantees. He needs to see them to water-ski over the outside of a sonnet waving at the creators name on the shore (Collins 16). The image he paints with that Image reminds me off excursion. Ordinarily one ones on an extended get-away to get away from all work, It Is a chance to Just let the sun and day, or For this situation, the sonnet, wash over you. He at that point switches too Blvd image of ordure and torment, words a few people, myself notwithstanding, would use to depict verse. The peruser creatures beating it with a hose to discover what it truly implies (Collins 16). All the more frequently then not, we are so worried about what the shrouded message is inside the lines of the sonnet, the majority of us miss the straightforward delight of the words drifting over us, we miss the inclination. The Image of the mouse and the light switch address the Idea that we have to Just feel our own particular manner around the sonnet and discover the translation that works for us so we arrive at the finish of the riddle or the light turns on. He begins the sonnet off with the faculties. This might be to summon the consideration of the peruser. By and by, I think the purpose for the utilization of the faculties is to get sincerely engaged with the sonnet. A sonnet is a joy to the faculties. The image it makes, the scents, tastes, and sounds it makes the peruser review all happen in the sonnet about verse. Collins begins with sight (the slide) the sound (the hive). At that point he moves back to locate (the mouse) and afterward feeling (the light switch). The water-skiing can rely upon your recollections. On the off chance that you have been, possibly it reviews the smell of salt water. At that point we are left with the feeling of the sentiment of the tormenting of he sonnet. The last picture nearly incites the peruser to feel compassion toward the sonnet, making them need to give perusing it another attempt. The other sonnet that has clear Imagery and a ground-breaking message for the propelled youth with the image of dolls and a gigantic dollhouse, where most kids spent most of their available time. He at that point utilizes his creative mind and places himself in the dollhouse with the dolls. Once more, something a great many people have done previously. .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 , .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .postImageUrl , .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 , .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:hover , .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:visited , .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:active { border:0!important; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:active , .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:hover { obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00 ee88fa3149536c46 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .udb2cbe2b391bfb00ee88fa3149536c46:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Non Conformity in The Wave by Morton Rhue EssayIt is something natural. Underneath, the sonnet discusses being in charge and being controlled. I imagined that the sonnet sent a significant subtle cue to the peruser. While on a superficial level, clearly Collins is discussing dolls and how the individual they have a place with controls their developments, on a more subtle level, the perusers need to ask themselves who is controlling him before the finish of the sonnet. Is it accurate to say that he is saying something about society or our administration? Possibly on a less discouraging note he is discussing his composition. A few e ssayists state their composing has its very own existence. They don't have a clue where it takes them until they are there. I waver to state that is the thing that he implies on the grounds that Collins doesn't make it sound like something he sees as a positive occasion or something he even appreciates. The line Nerdy clever, yet how might you like it in the event that you never knew starting with one day then onto the next on the off chance that you would spend it striding around like a distinctive god (Collins 97) and the remainder of the sentence makes it sound like he thinks it is an awful method to go through the day. The last line with your little plastic face (Collins 97) I feel has some hugeness. The plastic faces on Barbies are fixed demeanors. They don't change and you can't peruse their faces along these lines. Possibly Collins is attempting to communicate the possibility that when you are being constrained by something, even your feelings, you set up a blur to secure yourself room your environmental factors. You can't regularly tell on the off chance that somebody is discouraged or have individual issues from what they look like. To make that a stride further, the purpose for the mystery of issues like that are society driven, which takes me back to the possibility that he is saying something about the job of society in our regular day to day existences. Once more, the extraordinary thing about verse is that is could mean various things to various individuals. The understandings that I thought of are wrong, wrong, or the best way to peruse the sonnets. With Introduction to Poetry incidentally enough, somebody may not decipher the sonnet at everything except take it for what it is. A few people may even be persuaded that Collins was saying something about how individuals are instructed to understand verse, less how they read it. Or maybe he might be concentrating on the showing strategies for instructing verse. The we in the sonnet might be the instructive position figures as a solitary body. With Some Days, a few perusers may decipher the sonnet as discussing a sentiment of secrecy inside society. He has a feeling that he is Just another plastic face with a fixed demeanor in an earthy colored suite. The last two verses may even show to somebody that while you may be unknown here and there it really is great If you were going to Penn it striding around like a striking god, your shoulders in the mists (Collins 97). Indeed, even the possibility that he needed to incorporate the line Nerdy Funny (Collins 97) demonstrates that he discovers some cleverness or even good cheer in the circumstance. At the point when everything is said and done, Billy Collins Sailing Alone Around the Room is a decent book to get regardless of what your inclination is in understanding material. Originating from somebody who doesn't discover any pleasure in verse whatsoever, it was a decent difference in pace. Collins can take a regular item, for example, a pencil holder or a pencil sharpener and make it into a two page long issue on society. In the event that you have any sonnets that stood apart to me may have a few subjects covered up underneath the outside of the words on the page, I unequivocally encourage the peruser to Just leave the words alone for the initial hardly any occasions you read the works. At that point on the off chance that you are truly keen on burrowing for more profound implications, at that point take yourself out. In the case of nothing else, this assortment has brought back the beginning of perusing where you Just delighted in the sound and the implications of the words, and not considering what the creator was truly thinking when he/she composed it. Get away and read the book for what it is, words on a page.

Foreign and Local literature Essay

Examinations in any zone spring from past information. Regardless of how insignificant or broad they will be, they serve to a limited extent as gauge information. This Chapter presents the writing/references accumulated by the analyst. These examinations included outside and neighborhood contemplates/writing having immediate or circuitous bearing on the current investigation. Straightforward Pogue (2000) did an exploration undertaking to decide why understudies fizzle. What he establishes to be valid in that review propensities overview was that over 30 years prior still sounds valid today-understudies come up short since they don't have the foggiest idea how to consider. The best guidance he can offer is to create sound examination abilities. He said that an understudy should ensure that he/she has a decent report condition, a great work area, a solid seat, great light, agreeable room temperature and a calm environment. That implies he/she ought to wipe out all outer and interior interruptions. Second, get a decent diagram of the task before beginning the work. Comprehend what aptitudes, realities and thoughts that are relied upon to ace and the ground that are required to cover. Start with most troublesome subjects first, while the psyche is freshest and generally responsive. In his trial concentrate on the impact of learning, Winter expressed that the first and likely the most significant thing required was to get the propensities for concentrating successfully. Viable strategies for study comprised essentially of those basic standards which underlaid effectiveness. Accomplishing one’s work consistently, remaining at it until it was done and not getting behind in it ought to be the general aides for fruitful investigation just as in any field of try. It was expected that the understudies had capacity enough to adapt effectively to the scholastic errands. The achievement of the reactions to the assignment depended in incredible measure to their endeavors. Perusing is an endeavor to assimilate the idea of the creator and recognize what the creator is passing on (Leedy 1956). Study propensities have been characterized as the disposition of one individual towards their scholastic year throughout everyday life. It has been additionally concentrated by numerous specialists. Truth be told, as indicated by analyst John M. Grohol, the investigation propensity for understudies is influenced by its condition. Because of that, he proposes that understudy should concentrate in more brilliant manner. Thus he gives ten compelling examination propensities to help the understudies with their homework. These ten successful investigation propensities are the accompanying: 1. Improve your examination attitude by intuition emphatically towards study, keeping away from cataclysmic and supreme deduction, for example, self indulging, and finally, abstain from contrasting yourself as well as other people. 2. Condition matters in concentrating so it would be better on the off chance that you locate your optimal spot that suits your considering approach. 3. Bring all that you don't require anything, you don’t. Through this examination propensity, you will have the option to concentrate more on your homework and you will maintain a strategic distance from such devastation. 4. Framework and audit your notes. 5. Use memory games or mental aides in retaining snippets of data with respect to your examinations. 6. Practice by all alone or with companions since careful discipline brings about promising results. It can likewise help you to recollect your exercise without any problem. 7. Cause a calendar you to can adhere to and being focused on it thwart you from packing. 8. Take breaks and rewards. These breaks will encourage you to do your homework all the more productively and adequately. Then, the prizes could be use as your inspiration in examining. 9. Keep sound and parity. In spite of the fact that it is hard to carry on with a healthy lifestyle while in school, you should consider that the more adjusted you look for in your life, the simpler for you to conquer each segment in your life. Being sound likewise, gives you more vitality to carry out your responsibilities. 10. Realize what are the desires are for the class to abet you comprehend the course prerequisites and the professor’s desires.

Closing Paragraph in Career Essay Samples

Closing Paragraph in Career Essay SamplesA very common mistake among students is including a closing paragraph in career essay samples. The reason behind this is that they do not have enough time to think of ways to end their essay.You may have a particular topic or type of writing in mind and want to have a certain word to finish your article with. If you forget the use of the closing paragraph, you will not be able to include your closing statement. On the other hand, if you use the right way, you can be assured that your readers will find it interesting and meaningful.The idea behind using a closing paragraph is to finish your work quickly. You should finish your essay in only five to ten minutes. During this period, you should be focusing on one single task. This means that you should not be going back and forth between ideas. Instead, you should write down everything you have learned and decide how to end your article.In general, students may find it easy to write the closing pa ragraph. However, they often forget to consider the styles. It is essential that you use the right style and words.There are several common mistakes when writing the closing paragraph. First, they use the same writing as the first paragraph. For example, you may start with an introduction or personal history. Once you have finished telling the readers about yourself, you may move to your personal experience or skills. It is very likely that your readers will get confused and think that you start your essay from scratch.Second, the writers may talk about specific skill. They may make comparisons to other writers. They may also imply that others are able to create similar information. Again, this can confuse your readers and make them think that your personal experience is better than other writers'.Third, they often show that they are very excited about something. They may try to convince readers that their skills are the best and that other writers are not skilled enough to apply th eir skills. This will ensure that they get high marks and get points based on their experiences.Last, the writers often show that they lack experience or expertise in a specific topic. They may be talking about the experience in a specific field, or skills in a particular field. Once again, they will try to convince readers that they are able to apply their skills to the topic. However, they forget that they do not know how to finish the article.

How Sleep Affects The Brain - 1929 Words

Andrea Hill Mrs. Gumina English III March 20, 2014 11 Days Awake zzzzzz...are you tired? I know I am...of writing this paper! In fact most of the kids in class are probably tired too. Surprisingly, according to WebMD, about 20% of Americans get less than six hours of sleep on average a night (1).With all the hustle and bustle of our daily lives, it is understandable to push sleep off. Harvard University has conducted extensive research, discovering how sleep affects the brain; â€Å"given that a single sleepless night can cause people to be irritable and moody the following day, it is conceivable that chronic insufficient sleep may lead to long term mood disorders† (1). Just one night of not sleeping can put one in a bad mood, much less consistent loss of sleep. But how does lack of sleep affect others around us? Sleepiness and sleep deprivation can be accounted for roughly one million car crashes annually in The United States. (Harvard Medical School 1). It is easy to understand that sleep loss is something that affects a ma jority of the people living in the U.S. and sleep deprivation is something that not only affects us, but affects those around us. Scientists speculate that during the night various sleep cycles playa role on consolidating memories in the mind (Harvard Medical School 3). So knowing that sleep plays such a critical part in the growth and development of our brain, then why do we put it off in order to finish other tasks? And in doing so, what neurologicalShow MoreRelatedHow Sleep Affects The Brain1309 Words   |  6 PagesSleeping affects the brain in ways that cannot be achieved by any other method, at least naturally. Lack of sleep is consistent with â€Å"higher levels of depressed mood, fatigue, and sleepiness,† which is observable in any person, but this trend is especially more true for adolescents, because of their developing brain and increased workload. (Fuligni, 2006) Students around the age of fourteen and fifteen are transitioning from middle school into high school and are forced to interrupt their previouslyRead MoreThe Emotional, Physical and Mental Effects of Sleep Depravation1054 Words   |  5 PagesIs sleep important? The answer is yes, more important than imaginable. However, not everyone needs the same amount. The amount of sleep needed depends on the age of the person. Infants typically need approximately 16 hours a day while teenagers need approximately nine hours on average. Most adults need about seven to eight hours (â€Å"Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep†). How much sleep someone gets is very important. Not getting enough sleep can result in many dysfunctions throughout the day. Loss ofRead MoreSleep On It ! Scientific American1010 Words   |  5 PagesYoung Article #2 Stickgold R. 2015. Sleep On It! Scientific American 314:52-57. Questions: 1) How does lack of sleep affect organs in the body? 2) What are prions and why do they cause deterioration in the brain? 3) If familial insomnia is caused by inherited prions, what gene codes for them? 4) Do non-traditional sleep habits (taking several naps instead of sleeping all at once) have the same affect as lack of sleep? 5) Does sleep have some affect on chronic illnesses such as their developmentRead MoreSleep Is Essential For Human Health911 Words   |  4 Pageskingdom to humans. All of them need to sleep as a need for food, it is a necessity for life. Sleep is important and necessary for human health and its ability to engage in intellectual activity and mental fitness. Everyone needs to sleep, one of the basics of life. Humans spend almost half of lifetime sleeping and then have to know how to keep the body in a good sleeping time. Many of the physical problems can interfere with the ability to fall or stay asleep. Sleep is important; because it helps humanRead More`` The Influencing Machines ``924 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming a bigger issue every day, and now it affects one of our basics psychological needs: sleep. Though I concede with Brooke Gladstone, author of â€Å"The Influencing Machines† that we can adapt to technology as it grows, I still insist that some issues that arise wi th technology are bigger than Gladstone portrays and we need to find solutions for some of the bigger problems that technology creates, especially when it disturbs a basic psychological need. Sleep is a huge part of our lives. On average,Read MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is a necessity that people require to live a healthy lifestyle, and to partake in daily activities. Sleep is something that improves concentration, physical health, and provides energy. Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"For you to sleep well at night, the aesthetic, the quality, has to be carried all the way through.† Steve Jobs is proclaiming that to receive the full benefits of sleep, people must sleep the recommended hours. College students continue to undergo a lack of sleep as they persist throughRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Children1182 Words   |  5 PagesFor those who work long shifts; For those who try to compensate for their lack of sleep during the weekends; For those who simply like to stay up all night: lack of sleep could cause irreparable brain damage. Deprivation of long-term sleep hours could weaken brain energy even after days of sleep r ecovery. And it could be a sign of permanent brain damage. The consequences of not sleeping or not sleeping enough are serious, not only for the person who is not resting enough, but also for the peopleRead MoreWhy Is Sleeping Important?858 Words   |  4 Pagesto rest, starting from the animal kingdom to humans. Just like food, sleep is a necessity of life. Sleep is important and necessary for the body’s health and the mind’s ability to engage in intellectual activity and mental fitness. Since humans spend almost half of their lifetime sleeping, they should know how to sleep right. Many physical problems may interfere people’s ability to fall or stay asleep. It is important to sleep well because that helps to boost memory, be active, reduce chronic inflammationsRead MoreSleep Is The Best Medicine1174 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is known to be the best medicine when it comes to healing and resting the body. Resting and sleeping is known to be important for healthy living as well as deficiency of sleep can lead to major harm. The reason sleep is so important is because sleep allows the conscious mind to sleep and replenishes body physically. When we do not sleep we are over working the organs and our brain. Many of students and adults around the world are losing sleep because of school and work respectively. This affectsRead MoreThe Theory, The Energy Conservation Theory1419 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: what is sleep: Sleeping is something that most creatures of the animal kingdom have in common. A period of time where the body seemingly ceases to function. The average human is supposed to sleep 7-8 hours a day, and although this varies from species to species, the core function stays the same.The dictionary definition of sleep is â€Å"the natural state of rest during which your eyes are closed and you become unconscious†.(Sleep, n.d.) Although it seems like nothing is happening when

Working Out Payback Periods Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1074 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Because there is capital rationing, profitability index (PI) will be the best method to apply in deciding which projects the company should undertake. Profitability index will show the return on investment and not just the absolute profit like the Net present Value. But before appraising the proposals using profitability Index, the entire methods used in question one will be used. PAYBACK PERIOD Using pay back period method to assess the proposals, proposal 5 would rank 1st because it can pay back the capital invested in one year. 2nd is project 3 which has an outlay of E200, 000 and can repay same in one year and four months. Since there is limited fund available to E 300,000, the AP Plc would only carry out proposals 5 and 3. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Working Out Payback Periods Finance Essay" essay for you Create order NET PRESENT VALUE Based on the Net present Value (NPV), AP Plc can only carry out proposals 5 and 2. Proposal 5 will give the company a net present value of E195,300, while proposal 2 will give a net present value of E70,140. In total the company will generate a net present value of E263,440. Having discounted the cash flows with the companys cost of capital of 10%. PROFITABILITY INDEX (PI) Based on profitability index, proposal 5 ranked 1st, proposal 4 ranked 2nd , proposal 1 ranked 3rd , proposal 2 ranked 4th and proposal 3 ranked 5th. Profitability index shows the net present value in relation to the amount invested or initial outlay committed to the project. While Net present value gives the absolute discounted profit, the profitability index relates the profit to the amount invested thereby showing the return on investment. Due to capital rationing, AP Plc only has E300,000 to commit into the projects, therefore only proposals 5, 4 and 1 in that order will be considered appropriate. INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) IRR is the rate of return that will make the net Present value to be zero, therefore it is the hurdle rate. It is the breakeven rate and it is the minimum cost of capital for the project. Based on IRR, only projects 5 and 3 will be undertaken since the initial outlay of the two proposals totaled E270,300 and the company has only E300,000. CRITERIA APPLICABLE I will recommend the profitability index as it gives the return on investments. Therefore, projects 5, 4, and 1 should be undertaken. OTHER FACTORS THE DIRECTOR MAY CONSIDER There are other factors that the Directors should consider when making decision apart from the quantitative factors. Some of the other factors are discussed below: NON FINANCIAL BENEFITS The Directors should consider non financial benefits that may arise from each proposal like motivation of staff, relationship between the company and suppliers, better quality of the product which may lead to greater market share, improved staff training which will help productivity and reduce labor turnover, and other benefits which may arise. CASH FLOWS AFTER FIVE YEARS Cash flows after five years should also be considered greatly because the company is expected to be in existence even after the five years under consideration. Some projects will bring benefit, cash inflows after the five years as well as cost saving while some proposals will only generate cash outflow after five years. CORPORATE OUTLOOK (BRANDING) Some proposals will improve the corporate outlook of the company. Outsiders will respect the company thereby bringing better branding to the company. Proposals like research and development, extra ware house, improved information technology, infrastructure like proposal 2 and quality assurance scheme are good example of such proposals. These should be looked into. OPPORUNITY COST Opportunity cost of benefits from proposals not undertaken should also be considered when making decision by the Directors. TAXATION Taxation leads to a change in cash flow ,it should be considered when appraising the proposals. Taxation payment reduces cash flow of each proposal. The analyst therefore need to know the amount of tax liability and when due for payment. INFLATION Inflation is the increase in average price of goods and services .Attempt should be made to estimate specific inflation for each proposal in order to make a good decision. 4) IRR(Internal Rate of Return) is the true interest rate earned on an investment during its economic life.Its also known as discount rate of return.IRR is widely used in practice because its the discount rate that gives zero NPV(Net Present Value).IRR relates the size and timing of the cash flow to the initial investment. IRR is the rate compared to the companys original/set rate. If IRR is greater, than the opportunity cost of capital, the investment is profitable and will yield a positive NPV. Moreover , an IRR to be accepted on any project must be greater than or equal to companys required rate of return unless some other factors dictates its acceptance. IRR calculates the rate of return required to make sure total NPV is equal to the total initial cost. Merits of IRR It places emphasis on liquidi ty. It put into consideration the time value of money. Its widely used in practice. It helps to get a clear percentage rate of return on investment. An appropriate rate of return does not necessary need to be calculated. NPV(Net Present Value) measures the absolute return on a project. Here the cash inflow is compared with the cash outflow.The difference betweens the two PV is Net Present Value. NPV is another way of determining whether or not a project should be executed.It takes into consideration the time value of money. A project with a positive NPV should accepted (except other factors dictate its acceptance), while a project with a negative NPV be rejected because it does not cover the cost of capital. The positive NPV means the projects return exceeds the discount rate ,while negative value means the project return is less than the discount rate . The cost of capital is compared with the project rate of return Merits of NPV The time value of mone y is also taken into consideration. Emphasizes the importance of liquidity by the use of net cash flows. The usage of different accounting policies are not important because they dont determine the calculation on net cash flows. Its simple to compare NPV of projects and reject project with a negative NPV. It does not require calculating different rates of returns as in IRR. It focuses on Cash flow ,rather than profit and prevents the understatement of returns. A project with a positive NPV increases the wealth of the company. NPV is technically superior to IRR. Its also superior for ranking investment in order of attractiveness.

A Brief Comparison of Historical Paths for the Clinical...

A Brief Comparison of Historical Paths for the Clinical and Counselling Streams of Psychology The current practices of the clinical and counselling psychological streams are not entirely dissimilar as both are concerned with the application of psychotherapy, education, research, and instruction (Mayne, Norcross, Sayette, 2000; Norcross, 2000). Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with the assessment, treatment, and study of populations who experience severe mental illness (Bechtoldt, Campbell, Norcross, Wyckoff, Pokrywa, 2000; Norcross, 2000) clinical psychologists mostly employ behavioral and psychoanalytic theoretical orientations when treating clients (Norcross, 2000). In contrast, counselling psychologists generally aim†¦show more content†¦He was more concerned with the classification of mental illness than methods of treatment, which led to his 1907 publication ‘The Psychological Clinic’, in which the term ‘clinical psychology’ was first officially mentioned (Reisman, 1976; Watson, 1953). Parallels can be seen between the begin nings of clinical and counselling psychology in terms of their mutual focus on children, their aims of social reform, and the period of time in which they were officially recognised. While the ‘age’ of counselling psychology is not as great as that of clinical psychology, its history is nonetheless remarkably detailed (Gladding, 2013). Many counselling psychologists agree that the profession’s genesis coincides with the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution. It was in this era—specifically, 1908—that social reformist Frank Parsons founded Boston’s Vocational Bureau, and a year later released the book ‘Choosing a Vocation’ (Gladding, 2013). The publication documented Parsons’ investigation into the careers now available to adolescent boys (Gladding, 2013). He was interested in this particular topic as the Industrial Revolution had given rise to many new employment opportunities, with the result that the boys of his investi gations would no longer need to fall into the same occupations as their fathers (Ginter, 2002; Gladding, 2013). Not only was this the first documented case of careers counselling, the publicationShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTitle. HM786.M33 2007 302.3’5—dc22 2006022347 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12.5 pt sabon by 72 Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. . Brief Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Neo-modernist

Super Project free essay sample

The Super Project case mainly deals with the efficiency of project tool analysis in capital budgeting process. The three techniques that General Foods management used to determine whether Super Project was a worthwhile project were: †¢Incremental basis †¢Facilities-used basis †¢Fully allocated facilities and costs basis The three techniques mentioned above will be discussed in more details in question 4 below. What are the relevant cash flows for General Foods to use in evaluating the Super project? In particular, how should management deal with issues such as: )Test-market expenses? b)Overhead expenses? c)Erosion of Jell-O contribution margin? d)Allocation of charges for the use of excess agglomerator capacity? Typically, when using Net Present Value (NPV) method to determine whether a project adds value to the organization, free cash flow is taken into consideration. Depreciation expense, a non-cash item, is to be added back to the operating profit after tax to give operating cash flow. Other expenses such as SGA and fixed costs are to be included in operating cash flow calculation. Change in net working capital (current assets – current liabilities) and capital expenditure are added to the operating cash flow to calculate free cash flow. Test-market expenses are usually considered as sunk costs, and thus, should not be included in the expenses category. Overhead expenses refer to ongoing expenses of operating a business and are fixed costs. We can see from Exhibit 3 that there was a substantial increase in the SGA expenses from 1958 to 1967 of more than 100% increase. Therefore, overhead expenses should be counted towards expenses when calculating the free cash flow. Twenty percent of the 10% expected Super volume would come from the erosion of Jell-O sales. Although we do not have any data indicating the impact of Super on Jell-O contribution margin, it is safe to assume that as in any new product launches, when cannibalization kicks in, the impact on existing product’s contribution margin should be quite substantial. In addition, Super fell into a profit-increasing project. The increase in Jell-O volume was 40% between August and September 1966. Coupled with the high growth expected for the Super project, excess agglomerator capacity might be needed sooner than later. So, the allocation of charges for excess agglomerator capacity should be included. 2. How attractive is the investment as measured by various capital budgeting techniques (i. e. , ARR, Payback, IRR, NPV)? How useful are each of these measures of investment attractiveness? Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) is one of the methods used internally in an organization to select projects. The rate of return is simply calculated by dividing average operating profit by average investment. Its biggest advantage is that it is very easy to calculate. In addition, with the operating profit numbers coming from the balance sheet of the company, ARR method adds credibility to the market because market follows accounting numbers closely. However, with balance sheet also comes the problem of accounting manipulation. The biggest drawback in ARR is that it does not account for time value of money. Longer term forecasts are not adjusted properly with the level of risks involved. As a result, it tends to favour higher risk decisions. Payback period is a method used to determine how much time is needed to recover initial investment of a project. It is calculated by dividing the cost of the project by annual cash inflows. The shorter the payback period, the better the project is. Similar with ARR, the method is easy to use. However, the method does not adjust for the risks involved and also ignores time value of money. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of a project is the interest rate that will yield net present value of zero. In other words, it is the discount rate at which the present value of a series of investments is equal to the present value of the returns of those investments. When IRR of a project is higher than WACC (weighted cost of capital) of the organization, the project should be financially viable and thus, accepted. A project may have more than one IRR, especially when returns of an investment yield negative cash flows following positive cash flows. Net Present Value (NPV) calculates the sum of discounted future cash flows and subtracting that amount with the initial investment of the project. If the NPV of a project results in a positive number, the project should be undertaken. It is the most widely used method of capital budgeting. While discount rate used in NPV is typically the organization’s WACC, higher risk projects would not be factored in into the calculation. In this case, higher discount rate should be used. An example of this is when the project to be undertaken happens to be an international project where the country risk is high. Therefore, NPV is usually used to determine if a project will add value to the company. Another disadvantage of NPV method is that it is fairly complex compared to the other methods discussed earlier. While NPV method may be a more accurate way in capital budgeting process, it is worthwhile to note that because of the longer time it takes to generate the data (using the proper discount rate, for example), other easier and simpler methods like payback and ARR can be used as initial rough guides in the process. 3. How attractive is the Super project in strategic and competitive terms? What potential risks and benefits does General Foods incur by either accepting or rejecting the project? Super project is expected to capture 10% share in the total dessert market. From Table A, it can be seen that the powder market, which Super is properly categorized into, grew at around 62% between August and September 1966. With projected 10% market share in a fast-growing powder market, Super project strategically is very attractive for General Foods Corporation. In addition, Super project is a profit-increasing initiative, which would indicate that Super is definitely very competitive in the market. The profit-generating Super project may come from the incremental cost of the excess agglomerator capacity. Currently, the capacity is under-utilized and Super project may take advantage of the excess capacity to generate sales and profits. However, when business picks up both in the Jell-O and powder markets (growths of 40% and 62% respectively), General Foods will need to invest in more capital in the long-run. Nevertheless, Super project is still an attractive project to undertake for General Foods Corporation. 4. Should General Foods proceed with the project? It was General Foods’ policy that new projects should be evaluated based on two criteria, payback and ROFE (Return on Funds Employed). The general rule of thumb is that the project should have payback period of up to 10 years and minimum ROFE of 20%. General Foods management used three different techniques in determining whether they should invest in the Super Project. The simplest is incremental basis, where the project is evaluated based on incremental revenue and investment. However, Super project would extensively utilize the existing facilities that could otherwise be used for alternative uses. As a result, incremental basis would overestimate the ROFE. It was estimated that the ROFE would yield 63% under this method. Since Super project would utilize half of the existing agglomerator capacity and two-thirds of the existing building, facilities-used basis method would involve adding these costs to Super accordingly. This method yielded ROFE of 34%. Fully allocated basis added more overhead expenses and capital to Super project, on the basis that after year 5 of the whole 10-year evaluation period, more fixed costs and facilities would have to be incurred. This was more of a conservative approach for General Foods upper management to see how much returns, if at all, they would reap from a project. This method would give 25% ROFE. It is clear that from the three techniques briefly discussed above, General Foods management should proceed with Super project. At the end of the day, the three techniques, each with its own limitations, served as sensitivity analysis to upper management regarding the Super Project. In this case, the ‘worst’ case scenario from Super project would yield the company 25% ROFE, which was still higher than the company policy of 20%. However, the downside to these three techniques is that they ignore time value of money. The case was written in 1960s, where the concept of NPV was still unknown at the time. Therefore, it would be interesting to see how Super would perform using the NPV method. A challenge, in this case, is determining the proper discount rate for General Foods because of limited information in the case. Nevertheless, another sensitivity analysis can be done with different discount rates to find out if Super project is indeed profitable.

Mauritius, Social Housing Social Movement and Low Income Housing in Mauritius free essay sample

Social Housing Social Movement and Low Income Housing in Mauritius Abstract: The Republic of Mauritius has been a model success story in both economic and social progress among both the African nations and the whole world. Despite many odds, the country has made tremendous economic progress and has succeeded at the same time to uplift significantly the living standards of the population in general. This paper gives an overview of the matter of the low-income housing in Mauritius. The first part of the paper gives the economical background and the evolution of the social movement in Mauritius. The second part introduces the current housing conditions and the situation of poverty and low-income groups in Mauritius. Finally the strategy of social housing is discussed. The Mauritius social housing strategy is discussed in terms of the changes in the institutional structure, and policies. Then the types of social housing and their financing are introduced. We will write a custom essay sample on Mauritius, Social Housing: Social Movement and Low Income Housing in Mauritius or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords: Mauritius; Welfare State; Social Housing; Low Income Households AUTAR Bhotish Awtar | | Matric No: 2011280122 | Masters Candidate Tsinghua University | School of Architecture | Department of Urban Planning Please submit any feedback to [emailprotected] om Submitted to: |[emailprotected] tsinghua. edu. cn | Submission date: 17th June 2012 Introduction At independence, Mauritius did not appear predestined for the progress that followed. Challenges included: extreme cultural diversity as well as racial inequality; power concentrated in a small elite (of French British colonial descendants); high unemployment; and high population growth. The country suffered from an economic crisis throughout the 1970s, was remote from world markets and was commodity dependent. It also exhibited low initial levels of human development. Nobel Laureate for Economics, James Meade even said in 1961, as quoted below: â€Å"It is going to be a great achievement if Mauritius can find productive employment for its population without a serious reduction in the existing standard of living The outlook for peaceful development is poor† Despite multiple factors stacked against it, Mauritius has achieved stellar progress in economic conditions, and has been unique in its ability to take advantage of privileged access to international markets to develop in a sustained and equitable manner. This has been enabled and complemented by effective poverty reduction and equitable improvements in human development. These achievements have been made by means of: a concerted strategy of nation building; strong and inclusive institutions; high levels of equitable public investment in human development; and a pragmatic development strategy (Vandemoortele, 2010). This success against all odds was coined as the ‘Mauritian Miracle’. In independence year of 1968, the country’s GDP per capita was US$ 2601, and in 2010, the figure rose to around US$ 14,0002 in 2010. Comparatively, in 2010 the average GNI per capita (PPP) for Sub-Saharan Africa stood at 2,1083. During the same period of 1968 to 2010, population rose from 787,000 to 1,281,0004. In 2011, an expectancy of life of 73 years5 at birth and the country had a Human Development Index (HDI) score of 7. 26, compared with an average of 4. 6 in the Sub-Saharan African region. The country was also ranked highest on the Earth Institute’s World Happiness Index among the Sub-Saharan African countries7, leaving behind Botswana and South Africa, other regional economic champions. Socialist movement in Mauritius Mauritius is a welfare state. It has a comprehensive social security system for the whole population and various other social protection schemes. Education is free from primary to university level, with 1 2 Source: IFAD, 2005 For 2010, GDP per capita (PPP) of US$ 14,194, according to IMF, 2011 World Economic Outlook, and GNI per capital (PPP) of 13,960 (units International Dollar) according to World Bank, 2011 3 (units International Dollar) according to World Bank, 2011 4 Figures for population for Republic of Mauritius is from various open source, such as Mauritius CSO, World Bank and other online open data sources. Source: UN Statistics, from WorldBank. org 6 Source: http://hdr. undp. org 7 Mauritius Ranking 64th out of 156 countries with 5. 5 points, on a 0-10 scale, 0 being extremely unhappy and 10 being extremely happy compulsory education up to age of 16. Health care including tertiary care, like heart surgery) is also free. Basic foodstuffs (rice and flour) as well as housing for lower middle-income group are heavily subsidized. Income support is provided to household with low income. The government provides nnual grants to a number of NGOs that cater for the specific needs of handicapped persons and vulnerable groups (Deerpalsingh, 2011). There are also price controls on some other commodities such as cement, petroleum products, bread, onions and edible oils. The state plays a key role in social welfare and security. In fact, expenditure on community and social services attracts the largest share of total government expenditure. The percentage out of total government expenditure spent on health, education, social security and welfare, and housing, over the period 1980 to 1988 averaged 43% and by 1999 was as high as 52%. Preferential access to markets in the European Union and the USA has facilitated this strong welfare state (Bundoo, 2006) The construction of a comprehensive welfare state in Mauritius did not emerge out of a smooth and steady process. Each of the three episodes of welfare reform the formal introduction of noncontributory old-age pensions in 1950, family allowances in 1962 and social insurance in 1976-1978, were borne out of long-periods of deliberation and procrastination from the colonial officials (Phaahla, 2000). It took riots by unorganized sugar estate workers in the late 1930’s and strong trade unions today, to obtain and maintain a particularly socialist environment in the country, despite, a very open and capitalist market economy in Mauritius, it has been succeeded to preserve a considerable labor protection and benefit to the workers. In the more modern times, the social movement is directly related to the democratic governmental system. Around every five years general elections are held, and the public’s voting of a certain party is very sensitive to the economic and social conditions of the country. In many instances in the history, after independence, the government has been ‘overthrown’ out of office, as sanction voting by the population, due to bad economic and social performances. The most popular example, would perhaps in the 1982, elections when the government in office, with the ‘father of the nation’ as the head of the country, faced the worse possible defeat. This was because the unemployment and other economic and social indicators were all in the red. In terms of social services, Mauritius has been practicing a s ‘five pillar’ model as advocated by the World Bank in a report in 2005. But, it is worth noting that the five-pillar system in Mauritius was completed as far back as 1994. So, Mauritius had already been implementing the social model for 11 years (Deerpalsingh, 2011). Providing decent shelter for low-income groups has been another major social priority of the government. In the face of the rising price of rented accommodation, the government initiated projects for the construction of working-class flats in different parts of the country. The National Housing Development Corporation (NHDC) was set up in order to expedite large-scale construction of low-cost housing. House ownership grew from 66 per cent in 1983 to almost 93 per cent in 20018. Current Housing Conditions To understand the access to housing to the low income household, it is important to understand the general housing condition of the Mauritian. This helps in explaining the ownership policies and housing types that are provided to those who have financial difficulty in possessing a shelter comparable to his fellow countryman. With around $ 14,000 per capita GDP (PPP), Mauritius currently has a relatively high housing quality. In the 2011 Housing survey, it was noted that around 89% of the building stock in the country were residential building (with 85% wholly residential). Of which, 77% were separate housing units, 12% were semi detached or apartment types and 5% are mixed residential-commercial. In Mauritius, traditionally the houses are self-constructed by assigning small contractors to the job, who solely rely on their experience and owners design expectations. For medium and large projects, bigger contractors and construction specialists like architects and engineers are employed. The construction of houses were 92% of concrete walls and roof, 3% concrete walls and iron sheet roofs, and 5% were made out of wood and iron sheets. Although the human settlement patterns in Mauritius is quite dispersed, in terms of basic amenities, almost all (more than 99%) of the houses were connected to nation electricity grid and water systems. 96% of all the housing units had running water in the bathrooms and had modern flush toilets facilities. 8% had their waste collected regularly by municipality or other authorized companies. Almost all the housing units in Mauritius are privately owned, 99% in 2011, among which only 12% were reported to be mortgaged. An astonishing low percentage of 0. 3% of housing units was reported to be public housing in the same year. In terms of the tenure rate of the housing in 2011, 89% of the residents were owner of the hous e they were living in, compared to 8% who were renting or sub-renting. Another 3% were living for free in the housing provided by relatives or employers. It is interesting to note that the average monthly rent in 2000 was Rs 2,300 and increased to Rs 4,400 in 2011, however after adjustment for inflation, the housing rent actually remained the same as 2000. Poverty in Mauritius In 2010, the National Empowerment Fund that was created in 2005 to reduce poverty had enumerated around 70009 households in 225 regions of the country. These represented the families that were most in need of social help. But, the definition of poverty in Mauritius is quite versatile. 8 Bundoo 2006, p175 Exactly 6983 families that lived under national poverty line; According to NEF, Poches de pauvrete, downloaded from http://nef. mu 9 Using the poverty line $1. 25 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) per person per day, and data from the 2001/02 and 2006/07 Household Budget Surveys, the proportion of poor people in Mauritius is estimated by the Central Statistics Office to be below 1% in both 2001/02 and 2006/07. For developing countries like Mauritius, the $2 a day poverty line is more relevant. Even, using this line, the proportion of poor people is estimated to be less than 1. % in 2001/02 and 2006/07 household income surveys. So, the concept of ‘extreme poverty’ (as internationally defined) is not used in Mauritius. Instead, the concept of ‘relative poverty’ is used. Relative poverty is assessed using data collected at Household Budget Survey (HBS) and a relative poverty line defined on the basis of median household incomes. Household income c omprises income from employment, property, transfer, income from own produced goods and services and imputed rent for non-renting households. Data published by the CSO in the 2001/02 and 2006/07 Household Budget Surveys indicate that the percentage of households having income below the half median increased from 13. 1% in 2001/02 to 14. 3% in 2006/07. Average monthly household income for the poor is estimated at Rs 7,055 against Rs 22,242 for all households. The poverty line was fixed at Rs 3,821, which is the half median monthly income per adult equivalent. So, the official figure for poverty in Mauritius in 2007/07 was 26,400 households, or 7. 9% of the total 335,000 households in Mauritius. This concerned 8. 5% of the national population. From the 2007 Poverty Report, it can be also seen that 55% of the total government expenditure went to ‘Community and Social Services’. Monthly public transfers (social security benefits paid by government) derived by the poorest decile group of households was estimated at Rs 1,367 per household in 2006/07. Public transfers for poorest decile represented 22% of their total household disposable income against 2. 4% for the richest decile. Public transfers were found to be significant on bringing down poverty; it is estimated that if public transfers would have been discontinued, the overall household poverty rate would be 15. % instead of 7. 9%. Characteristics of Low Income Household Understanding the particularities of the poor or low-income households, are very important to know their economic strength and lifestyle. This would help to understand the type and cost of social housing that is offered to them. Again, in 2006/07, the average of ‘low income’ hou seholds in Mauritius was calculated to be around Rs 7,000 (compared to Rs 22,200 for all household), with an average expenditure on Rs 6,500 (compared to Rs 14,300 for all households). 1% of the income came from paid employment, 24% from government support, and the rest from self-employment and odd jobs. In terms of employment, where the national share of employment by sector in 2006/07 was as followed: Primary sector- 9%, Secondary sector- 32% and Tertiary sector- 59%; the structure was a little different for the poor families, as followed: Primary sector- 21%, Secondary sector- 37% and Tertiary sector- 42%. So, it can also be noted that the poorer people were more dominant in agricultural and manufacturing industries, and less present in the service industry. This explains partly, their low income. This phenomenon is also related to their level of education. The study has shown a very clear correlation with the distribution of income and the education level of members aged 20 and above. The higher the incomes, the proportion of the members having passed the primary and secondary education are larger. The share of expenditure on basic items such as food, clothing and housing over total expenditure was 65% for poor households, against 48% for all households. Figure 1 shows the detail expenditure of the poor against all households. It is interesting to note in the report that the average monthly loan repayment10 was Rs 1400 for poor housing, against Rs 4,353 for all indebted households. The highest loan repayment for poor households was on housing11. Figure 1: Expenditure habits of poor households, 2006/0712 As mentioned above, according to the 2010/11 Household survey, 8% who were renting or sub-renting. In 2006/07 the figure was 8. 4% for all households, but for the poor households, 16. 7% were renting their housing. The rest owned their houses or were provided free by relative or employer. The average poor household had a size of 4. 0 members, however the house had on average 3. 7 rooms, compared to average of 3. 7 members with 5. 2 rooms for all households. The amount poor households 10 11 Including, loans or purchase on credits, for housing, furniture, electric appliances, personal loans and other loans. 26% of the poor households had housing loans, which on average was Rs 2,491 12 Source: CSO 2007, Poverty Report 2006/07, p59 with two or less rooms accounted for 19%, against only 5% for all households13. There were more than one person per room in 63% of the households, against only 29% in all households14. This gives an idea of how poor households lived in a denser indoor environment than their other country man. Low Income Housing in Mauritius Strategies Institutions Since the 1980’s Mauritius was still an economy based on mono crop agriculture. Sugar cane cultivation had been the economic backbone for centuries of colonization, and only in the 80’s the diversification help Mauritius get out of the trap. Saying so, after independence in 1968, all successive governments regularly reiterate their will to gradually dismantle the ‘sugar estates camps’, which were the housing provided by colonial estate owner to workers. It was important to do so, as they remain powerful physical and psychological symbols of the sugar plantations hierarchy of the 19th century. A study in 1990 revealed that there were still 125 such estates in the country, and on the basis of finding long term alternatives for such residences, the government put pressure on the sugar estates, to phase out these camps and develop housing programs for their workers. The options offered were either to resettle the workers on an alternative site, out of the master’s property, or to sell the land and house to the current resident on the estate (UN, 2000). As seen above, the poor are usually less educated and work in agriculture. And since the structuring of the sugar industry 15 in the last decade, more and more of these people are losing their job, and because of age and education level, they cannot find other jobs. So, an early retirement scheme, worked out by all concerned parties and government, and involves giving a lump sum and a plot of residential land to the worker. The land given to the worker, are usually sugar plantations16 that have been converted to residential with basic infrastructure of road, electricity and water supply. This helps in reusing the abandoned agricultural lands and reduced the pressure of cash reward to the estate companies. In 1983, the house ownership in Mauritius was 66%, and then it rose to 76% in 1990, rose again to 87% in 2000, to reach a high 89% in 201117. Although official figures indicate a very high rate of owner-occupiers compared with other countries, these figures hide other quite serious problems of housing which may culminate into a crisis in years to come if some issues are not addressed in time Social housing programs for low income groups which had begun in the 1960s, gave way to a new housing strategy based on cost recovery through the setting up of a public company, The National Housing Development Company Limited (NHDC) in 1991 (UN, 2000). 13 14 Author calculation from CSO 2007, Poverty report 07, table 4. Author calculation from CSO 2007, Poverty report 07, table 4. 7 15 which currently contribute less than 4% of the GDP and less than 8% of employment 16 Since restructuring, large areas of sugar plantation have been abandoned by the sugar estates 17 Various Source, Boodoo 2006 for 1983 1990; 2011 Housing Survey for 2000 and 2011 Until 1991 the Central Housing Authority (CHA) was responsible for the task of building and administering of the low income housings estates. Medium rise apartment type buildings were built and let to the low income groups. The system was not successful at different levels. Firstly, most of the units were rented to low income households, instead of been owned. So, rents were sometimes not been paid, and the residents paid little attention to the built environment. This lend to a rapid degradation of the buildings and amenities. Secondly, although targeted for low income earners, the middle income group could somehow buy the apartment units. Thirdly, due to the deplorable design and soft policy, the CHA estates turned into undesirable living places where social problems grew. In 1991, the responsibility of providing low income housing has been passed the newly established National Development Company (NHDC), and the CHA was renamed the Housing Management Unit (MHU), which just left to administer these estates and collect rents. Another important institution was restructured shift to be noted during the same period. Since its creation in 1963, the Mauritius Housing Corporation, was governmental body was responsible to create housing for the middle income class, while the CHA was doing the same for low income class, financed by loans through the Mauritius Agricultural Bank18. In 1989, the Mauritius Housing Corporation (MHC) was incorporated and renamed the Mauritius Housing Company Limited, which then was more like a bank, to cater better to the need of the housing demands. Then the new MHC, no longer deals with the construction and policy of the social housing, it provides soft loans to those below a certain income level, and started the Plan Epargne Logement, PEL (in English, Housing Savings Scheme), that offer exceptional loan rates to anyone, who would deposit money in MHC bank. Nowdays, the MHC has developed into a one-stop shop for all need of housing services. In additional to loans, it deals with the providing of architectural, structural, legal, technical, insurances and project management services, at nominal or free of charges. Prior to 2006, the social housing responsibility lied solely within the hands of the government. But, as the demand was growing and the government could only built around 900 units a years, with a waiting list of 25,000 housing units, the private sector was called to participate through various PPP (publicprivate partnership) projects. The aim was to raise the rate of construction to at least 1500 yearly19. Another interesting fact is that as from 2009, the government established a policy of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that requires profitable private companies to invest at least 2%20 of their profit, into social help, like donation to NGO, or other social and environmental programs, including housing for the poor. The CSR is the concept whereby companies act to balance their own economic growth with the sustainable social and environmental development of their areas of operation. A company performing highly in CSR is one that goes beyond compliance with the legal framework to actively pursue positive impacts on local communities and its environmental footprint. 18 19 Source: Mauritius Housing Company Ltd, website: http://www. mhc. mu/mhc/; retrieved June 2012 Speech of Minister of Lands and Housing, March 2006 20 Source: NEF, http://www. nef. mu/csr/, retrieved June 2012 Low Income Housing Types and Finance Up to date, there are five main players in the housing sector. They are the Commercial Banks, the Insurance Companies, the Mauritius Housing Company Ltd (MHC), the National Housing Development Company LTD (NHDC) and the Housing Division of the Ministry of Land and Housing (Joseph, 2007). The role of the commercial and insurance companies is to offer housing finance facilities, in addition of their usual core activities. However, the other three players have a very important role in the provision of housing to the general public of Mauritius, but to especially the low and lower middle income group. Even if the government continued to build some apartment types housing, single housing or duplex types were more and more practiced. These types of housing created a better environment for social diversity and were more inclusive in term of equality. It should be noted that in Mauritius, these units are not built in large numbers, but in small numbers between 50 to 100 units spread all over the island. This is due to the availability of land for development and the concentration of poverty in the region. The spread of the social housing and its small numbers help social integration and the balance of the local diversity. Currently, these locations are mostly located in the rural area, as part of the National Plan to increase rural population and develop and reduce the burden on the already dense urban regions. Figure 221 shows an example of a type of social housing units that NHDC are building with the help of the Export-Import Bank of China. Site Bois Mangue St Pierre (Circonstance) Dagotiere Highlands Bambous Montagne Blanche Mon Choisy Cottage La Cure Notre Dame Pointe aux Sables (A B) Pointe aux Sables (C) Units 108 72 52 84 148 100 98 52 120 60 128 70 21 Source: Ministry of Lands and Housing, retrieved June 2012 Rose Belle Camp Levieux Trou aux Biches Mahebourg Total 76 152 76 78 1474 Figure 2: Example of 1474 housing units scattered into 18 sites around the island. The ‘Firinga Type’ is the one most currently built for the lowest income groups. These are semi-detached units of 40m2 each. It provides for bathroom with toilet and a kitchen table with sink. There are better duplexes types that are constructed for lower middle class. Some houses are spread on two stories and have 2-3 bedrooms with balconies. As the types of housing vary from one income group to another, the financing to these group are not the same. As for the Firinga units the interest rate is fixed at 6. 5% per annum, for other types, the finances vary according to the cost of the housing and household income (that is total income of husband and wife). The current loan scheme from the MHC is as below: For household earning up to 7,500 per month: ? ? ? Long term credit repayment period up to 20 years, depending on the age of the applicants; Subsidized rates of interest of 6. % during the first five years, 8. 0% during the next five years, and 10. 0 % during the remaining years of the repayment period; and A non-refundable Government grant equivalent to 20 % of the gross credit amount subject to a maximum of Rs 30 000. For households earning more than Rs7 500 and up to Rs 10 000: ? ? Long term credit repayment period up to 20 years, depending on the age of the of the applicants; and Subsidized rates of interest of 10 % d uring the first five years, 12 % during the next five years, and 14 % during the remaining years of the repayment period. And finally for those earning more than Rs 10 000: ? ? Long term credit repayment period up to 25 years, depending on the age of the of the applicants; and Rates of interest of 13 % during the first five years, and 14 % during the remaining years of the repayment period. To protect those in the most needs, there are strict eligibility criteria to obtain a NHDC unit like they should not be owner of a housing unit or of a plot of residential land, have made regular contributions o a PEL savings account for a period of at least six months; and priority is given to applicant that reside in the region where the house has been constructed. It should be noted that, in order to relief the burden on the government to provide affordable housing, the MHC provide loans at favorable rates to low and lower middle income applicants who want to construct their own house or want to buy a plot of land. A subsidy for the concrete roof construction, which is considered one of the most expensive parts of the construction, and to prevent the houses have iron sheet roofing. Conclusion: We have seen in this paper that the social movement has been present since before the independence and the movement was stronger after the independence, by the pressure of strong trade unions, and the strong democratic system, where the public opinions and demands could not be undermined. In the welfare state of Mauritius, the government has done greatly in terms of policies and investment to provide decent housing not only for the poor, but also for the less poor. In 2011, the housing ownership approached the 90% and the private sector was also made part into the responsibility to provide housing for all Mauritian, in the way the Mauritians like it. The institutional and financial structure in Mauritius is quite mature after evolving for around 50 years now. It is important to note that Mauritius has a large lower middle and middle class population and that housing benefit are also given to them, in terms of favorable loans rates, and subsidies. References: Websites: Mauritius Housing Company Limited, MHC: www. hc. mu Ministry of Lands and Housing, Housing Division: www. gov. mu/portal/site/housing/ National Empowerment Fund, NEF: www. nef. mu National Housing Development Company Limited, NHDC: www. nhdc-online. com Literature: Bundoo S. K. (2006); Financial and Trade Reforms and Impact on Poverty and Income Inequality: The Case of Mauritius; from Pro-Poor Macroeconomics- Potentials and Limitations, Chapter 8; edited by Cornia G. A. CSO (2009) ; Poverty Report 2006/07 CSO (2011); 2011 Housing Census Main Results Deerpalsingh N. 2011); Access to Social Services for Non-Citizen and the Portability of Social Benefits in Mauritius; From Assess to the Social Services for Non-Citizen and the Portability of Social Benefits within the SADC; Chapter 3, edited by Mpedi L. G. Smit N. Joseph Mathew (2007); Mauritius Housing Company Limited; AUHF AGM Conference, 17th -21st September 2007 in Ghana Ministry of Housing and Land (2006); Speech of Minister A. Dullul; Government Social Housing Projects on a Private Public Partnership Basis; on 1st March 2006 Phaahla L. E. (2000); Development with Social Justice- Social Democracy in Mauritius; Master’s Thesis presented at Stellenbosch University United Nations (2000); Common Country Assessment, Mauritius; Office of the UN Resident Coordinator, Mauritius, May 2000 United Nations Habitat (2004); Human Settlements Country Profile, Mauritius Vandemoortele M. and Bird K. (2010); Progress in economic conditions: Sustained success against the odds in Mauritius; for Overseas Development Institute

Free Essays on New Businesses

, in the event of an injury at your business, or a natural disaster, all legalities and costs will ... Free Essays on New Businesses Free Essays on New Businesses When starting a business, there are questions you must ask yourself in order to get an idea of what your business is going to be. What am I going to do? What will it take in money and skills to do it? What will it give me in terms of money and satisfaction? After you know the answers to these questions, learn all you can about the kind of business you are starting. Talking to business owners in similar fields may help greatly. When you feel you have a good grasp on what your business is going to be about, create a business outline, answering the questions below. The most important aspect of owning and operating a business is positioning. Not just the location, but also the position in the community. Where, and how a business is positioned, reflects what kind of attention it will get. When contemplating your business position, take into account these factors; where is your largest potential market, what is your position with your target market going to be, and what kind of image do you want your business to have. Another important aspect is knowing exactly what your product and service mix is going to be. What will you be selling to your consumers, or what service will you be providing. Your product will sell best if you can convince consumers that the purchase is a necessity. Emphasizing good characteristics about your product or service is a good way to sell it. Promotion is the best way to inform your consumers of these characteristics, and reasons why they need this product. Advertising through TV, magazines or billboards informs people of your products availability. A major requirement when owning a business is liability risk. This is concerned with tort liability, legal immunities and privileges, risk management (including insurance and self-insurance), and preventive legal techniques to reduce potential liability. In other words, in the event of an injury at your business, or a natural disaster, all legalities and costs will ...

Intelligence Led Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Intelligence Led Policing - Essay Example Also, in case of the operators delving into investigations centering on specific targets, appropriate intelligence allows them to narrow their approaches on more plausible lines of investigation. Intelligence tends to be a three-pronged law enforcement utility. It is a process, a product and a structure at one and the same time. It strengthens the law enforcement and public safety organizations by helping them better understand the environment they are assigned to police. However, while resorting to intelligence-led policing, it is also an onus of the law enforcement organizations and officials to look to it that it gets practiced within its legal boundaries. It is really interesting to note that the very mention of the word intelligence conjures up wrong images in the minds of many people (Ratcliffe, 2008, p. 263). To the common people, the word intelligence often sums up to be a clandestine or covert operation conducted by officers who tend to specialize in shady law enforcement activities, which to some extent tends to carry along with it a tinge of moral ambiguity (Ratcliffe, 2008, p. 263). However, in the context of the crime intelligence analysts, it stands to be a systematic, methodical and logical approach towards things that immensely aids the understanding of the criminal environment in which the law enforcement personnel are required to operate (Ratcliffe, 2008, p. 263). However, there is no denying the fact that in the post 9/11, information-saturated world, the nature and scope of intelligence are still ignored, misunderstood or unceremoniously sidelined. Yet, the things are sure changing for better. Many salient experts and opinion makers are of the view that the concept of intelligence-led policing is now being widely recognized by the police services around the world as an essential aspect of the way they work and operate (Wardlaw & Boughton, 2006).

(Ethics and Communication) Illinois among states to settle with Article

(Ethics and Communication) Illinois among states to settle with GlaxoSmithKline - Article Example Although the two main ingredients: Kytril and Bactroban were not fully contaminated, the tablets possessed not a full dose of an active ingredient which did not satisfy the appropriate percentage of the substance listed in the bottle. Although the company denied of fraud, the head attorney confirmed that the accusation was legit and the attempt to earn revenue through illegal practices were exercised. Without a doubt, this article depicted the controversy related to a company who was charged of fraud because of varied content of substance in their capsules. Although the company has an excellent reputation for following compliances implemented by the government; these type of instances should still be taken into account. Ethically speaking, the company should have made some attempt to at least inquire with the FDA to discuss the gravity of this situation. However, the company instead is denying the charges that it made to benefit itself in the long-run. Clearly, this type of hostile a ttitude does not only poses a risk for corporate ethics; it also serves as a reminder of these type of scenarios can be detrimental to society itself. Corporations must make it their obligation to take responsibility in any sort of moral dilemmas so they lives of many can be saved.

Reviewing TV Shows Essay Example for Free

Reviewing TV Shows Essay It seems today that all we see is violence, movies and sex on TV, but where are the good old fashion values on which we you to rely? The ironic opening lyrics to Family Guys opening theme tune. Family Guy is an animated American comedy programme that revolves around the Griffin family, who strive to cope with everyday life as they are tossed from one crazy scenario to another in each episode. Without a doubt, Family Guy has to be the freshest new animated comedy around and has been dubbed as the new Simpsons. However, I find that comparison fairly inaccurate as Family Guy presents its own unique style of animated comedy. In my opinion, the Family Guy creators and writers found their inspiration from the Simpsons, despite making more close to the bone scenarios and storylines. The Griffin household is comprised of two awkward teenagers, Chris and Meg, a smooth-talking yet cynical dog named Brian, parents Peter and Lois and a malformed baby called Stewie, who craves for world domination and the death of his family. Father Peter Griffin attempts to provide his family with the best but ends up in all types of sticky situations that are absurdly unthinkable. He often resembles Homer Simpson, whereas Homer is a clumsy oaf and yet loveable, its hard to find Peter Griffin adorable. Lois Griffin puts up with the tribulations that come with marrying Peter and rejected her parents millions to marry her love, much to the anger of them. Their strange children, Chris and Meg, both attend high school and often get trapped in Peters wacky and irreverent misadventures. Brian is the family dog whos more sophisticated than his owners. He has an eye for cocktails, spirits and fine wine. Out of all these unique characters, Stewie has emerged as my favourite after watching every episode at least three times. No matter who you are, two year-old Stewies witty remarks and his ultimate plan for world domination makes you think. Despite being raised from an American family from Rhode Island, Stewie talks with a posh, English accent with clarity and poise that pleasantly bemuses viewers. The programmes sheer disregard for political correctness can be a bit surprising at times, so surprising I find it difficult to believe certain jokes make the final edit. What impresses me the most about Family Guy is the use of ludicrous flashbacks, whether theyve actually happened to the family or not. This is what I think sets Family Guy apart from any other programme of its genre. The programme is also crammed with many subplots from the neighbourhood, following characters such as the womanising Glenn Quagmire and the Evil Monkey who lives in Chris Griffins wardrobe. The title of the show Family Guy is also interestingly named, as theyre referring to the father, Peter. Its slightly ironic as sometimes he brainlessly puts himself ahead of his family. You would expect a programme about a man who is family-orientated, but he certainly isnt! Overall, Family Guy is far and away one of the most audacious but clever television programmes Ive seen.

Lakota Woman Essay -- American History

Lakota Woman The book â€Å"Lakota Woman,† is an autobiography that depicts Mary Crow Dog and Indians’ Lives. Because I only had a limited knowledge on Indians, the book was full of surprising incidents. Moreover, she starts out her story by describing how her Indian friends died in miserable and unjustifiable ways. After reading first few pages, I was able to tell that Indians were mistreated in the same manners as African-Americans by whites. The only facts that make it look worse are, Indians got their land stolen and prejudice and inequality for them still exists. Just like other Indian kids on reservation, Crow Dog’s childhood was poor in everyway; didn’t have enough food, clothes, education, and parents’ love. She was kidnapped to boarding school where Indian children are imp...

How Does the Prologue at the Start of Romeo and Juliet Create Suspense?

How does the Prologue at the start of Romeo and Juliet create suspense? William Shakespeare, writer of Romeo and Juliet, creates suspense through the use of different techniques. Shakespeare is very particular in his choice of diction, by wisely picking specific vocabulary to create an atmosphere. It is usual that a Greek tragedy, such as Romeo and Juliet, contains a Prologue to set the tone for the rest of the play. Shakespeare wrote the Prologue in a Sonnet form using Iambic Pentameter, which contains 10 syllables per line.Iambic Pentameter uses of unstressed and stressed syllables to create a rhythm or flow to the Prologue. The rhyming ABAB pattern is used throughout the whole poem except the two last lines, which are rhyming couplet. Shakespeare used this type of writing to copy a real life speech, as this would be the case when someone did a public reading of the Prologue. The sonnet form normally informs that the play will be about love, suggesting to the audience what kind of play they are about to watch. Like every play that contains love, Shakespeare also includes a certain amount of hate, to create drama.At the beginning of the paragraph Shakespeare creates suspension at the opening sentence. The way in which Shakespeare uses his rhyming techniques draws a big attention to the opening phrase, â€Å"two household† families. The diction â€Å"two† emphases that the poem is about two families off the same standards, which may have some kind of conflict between them. It then briefly describes the two families Capulet and Montague’s; hinting that two families are similar in a way that they are all respected since they are â€Å"both alike in dignity†.By using the term â€Å"alike† suggests that they are to the same degree, none of them are superior. This opening sentence creates suspense because Shakespeare doesn’t reveal what would be the conflict between the two families or why are they alike in dignity. On the o ther hand, on the second line the â€Å"fair Verona† which is the place where the scene is laid out is a place of beauty, Verona is known as an Italian city that has a splendid beauty. This contrast between the beauty of Verona and what seems as a conflict between the two families generates a tense atmosphere.Yet, the â€Å"grudge† between them causes a negative mood. The diction â€Å"grudge† connotes the hatred between the two families; an old disagreement between the families will soon turn to a new conflict; it may include violence and drama. Shakespeare used the first 3 lines of the Prologue to describe the families’ feud and give an introduction to the readers of the main families in Verona. Shakespeare used alliteration of the repetition of the letter ‘F’ on the begging of words. The alliteration on the 5th line demonstrates they were born cursed from their enemies meaning they are â€Å"fatal lions of these two foes†.The dictio n â€Å"fatal† implies that both lovers were born doomed for a bad ending, this tense atmosphere is created due to the unknown ending of how the love between two cursed enemies end. The alliteration also changed the topic from the families feud to the introduction of the two lovers. The 6th line states that from these two houses, two â€Å"star-cross’d† lovers will appear. The terminology â€Å"cross’d† connotes that the whole universe is against them, meaning they have every possible reason to give up but their love bring them together.It also foreshadows that a death will occur. The fact that the families do not get along and they still try to make their love work creates suspension because it keeps a constant feeling that the hate between the families will ruin the lovers love. On the middle of the poem, Shakespeare refers that the lovers â€Å"death† would â€Å"bury their parents’ strife†. The expression â€Å"death† symbolizes the end of life; this strong term advises that the â€Å"death† of the lovers would â€Å"bury† the anger between the two families and they would agree to stop quarrelling.This sentence creates a negative mood due to the reason that both lovers would die and both families would become friendly again. The â€Å"continuance of their parents’ rage† indicates that the uncontrolled emotion could cause violence between the two families and end up in death. The fact that the spectators already know that there could be death crafts a tone of suspense. The ending of the prologue informs the audience that the above outlined plot is about to be performed and gives a hint as to how long it will last.The 13th and 14th line, last lines of the Prologue, asks for the audience patience. All these techniques and detailed vocabulary William Shakespeare uses in the Prologue creates suspense and a contrast between loves and hate atmosphere. Conclusively, the most effective techniques Shakespeare used in the Prologue were the precise use of vocabulary that hinted what would happen and introduced the story in a dramatic way. Also, Shakespeare uses a lot of foreshadowing; these two techniques created suspense and an atmosphere to the Prologue.Shakespeare used a Prologue to introduce to the reader a general summary of what the play is about. When the reader first reads the prologue, it is attracted to continue reading the play even if Shakespeare’s vocabulary is not easy to understand. The impact the Prologue has on the audience is the suspense Shakespeare created leaves the reader curious and with the will to continue watching the play. Overall, the way Shakespeare expresses himself with different and exact vocabulary creates suspense. By: Gabriela Matarazzo

Listening As A Good Website - 1039 Words

One of the most important skills to have, listening by definition is â€Å"to give attention with the ear; attend closely for the purpose of hearing; give ear.† taken from Dictionary.com. Without the proper development of this skill, it is easy to overlook many situations that could be resolved quickly by listening. In my profession we work with subscribers who are having issues with internet, phone, and TV service. Often the customer will provide an excess amount of information that is usually not relevant to the situation I find that my employees with tune the customer out and not give them their full attention. By not fully listening they will miss key pieces of information that could help them resolve the customer’s†¦show more content†¦With any type of work, it is important for your employees to follow you and your actions. Showing your assertiveness can help with that. Balancing your assertiveness can be a challenge. At times it can be very difficult to know when it is too much. The following website can help determine and develop all of that. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/Assertiveness.htm Negotiation Negotiation is â€Å"mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of transaction or agreement.†. With some situations having the ability to negotiate is very important. Both parties looking to come up ahead, a middle ground must be found. When negotiating in the business world, it can range in situation from employee to employer or to employee to customer. In the employee to customer stand point, in the paid service industry, such as subscription services to internet, a customer will complain about poor service and request credit from the provider. The employees job is to make the customer happy but at the same time save the company money, that is where the point of negotiation comes into play. At many times the customer will have a set number that is well beyond a reasonable amount, in those situations the employee must negotiate with the customer to a reasonable amount that will benefit both parties. A good site to look into